1 Introduction 

1.1 The Focus of the Book 

1.2 A Religious Studies Approach and the "Politics of Naming" 

1.3 Situating in the Author''s Previous Research and the Wider

Literature 

1.4 Evidence, Aims and Methods 

References 

2 Turkish Origins and Development 

2.1 Hizmet: The Emergence of a Phenomenon

2.2 Turkey''s Need for More Schools, Not More Mosques 

2.3 Turkey''s Deep Fissures, Need for Dialogue and Hizmet

Responses 

2.4 Relief of Poverty 

2.5 Business Links 

2.6 The Media 

2.7 Spread to "Turkic" Republics of the Former USSR and to

the Western Balkans 

References 

Contents

xviii Contents

3 Hizmet in European Hijrah 

3.1 Hizmet at European Level and Across Europe

3.2 Hizmet in the Netherlands 

3.3 Hizmet in Germany 

3.4 Hizmet in Belgium 

3.5 Hizmet in the United Kingdom (UK) 

3.6 Hizmet in Switzerland 

3.7 Hizmet in France 

3.9 Hizmet in Italy 

3.10 Hizmet in Denmark 

3.11 Hizmet in Some Other European Countries 

References 

Part II Hizmet in Turkish De-centring and European

Transitions 

4 Pivotal Issues in Pivotal Times 

4.1 The AKP and Hizmet: Walking in Tandem? 

4.2 Mutual "Infiltration"? 

4.3 The MV Mavi Marmara Incident: A Sign of Things

to Come 

4.4 From Gezi Park to 15 July 2016 

4.5 Hizmet Trauma in Turkey and Europe 

4.6 Three-Layered Hizmet: Challenges and Opportunities 

References 

5 New Foci for Old Questions 

5.1 Changing Contexts 

5.2 Seen as Terrorists and Challenging Terrorism 

5.3 Turkishness and Beyond 

5.4 Charisma, Structures and Transparency 

5.5 Relating to Civil Society, Politics and the State 

5.6 Relating to Other Muslims 

5.7 Gender in Transition 

References 

Contents xix

6 Continuing Values, Different Expressions and Future

Trajectories 

6.1 Contextual Transitions 

6.2 Education to Tackle Ignorance 

6.3 Dialogue to Tackle Conflict and Promote Inclusive

Integration 

6.4 Helping to Relieve Poverty Developing into Supporting

Human Rights 

6.5 Meeting Needs and Keeping the Balance

6.6 Hizmet in Europe With and/or Without Fethullah Gülen 

6.7 Confident Engagement, Islamic Self-Criticism and

Human Focus 

6.8 From Copy-Paste into Contextual Reinvention

References