Chapter 1 COVID-19 Vaccines: Between Ethics, Health and Economics1
1.1 Introduction1
1.2 Development of the COVID-19 Vaccine1
1.3 Two Key Issues: Immunity and Contagion2
1.4 Vaccine Nationalism2
1.5 The COVAX Mechanism3
1.6 Compulsory Licensing3
1.7 Access to Medicines and Vaccines: A New Player3
References..........................................................................................................#
Chapter 2 Medicines and Intellectual Property: 10 Years of the WHO Global Strategy7
2.1 Introduction7
2.2 The Background of the IGWG Negotiations9
2.3 The IGWG Stakeholders11
2.4 The IGWG Process12
2.4.1 The First Meeting in Geneva: 4-8 December 200612
2.4.2 Regional Consultations13
2.4.3 Second Meeting, 5-10 November 200715
2.4.4 Continuation of the Second Meeting of the IGWG: 28 April to 3 May 200815
2.4.5 Sixty-First World Health Assembly, 24 May 200815
2.5 The Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property17
2.5.1 Main Elements of the 2008 Global Strategy17
2.5.2 Additional Mandates of the 2008 Global Strategy17
2.5.3 Progress in the Implementation of the GSPOA18
2.5.4 The Collaboration of the WHO with other International Organisations19
2.6 The WHO Consultative Expert Working Group20
2.6.1 A Binding International Convention20
2.6.2 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control21
2.7 The Evaluation of the GSPOA22
2.8 The Report of the United Nations Secretary-General''s High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines23
2.9 The Roadmap on Access to Medicines25
2.9.1 Background25
2.9.2 Regulatory Systems Strengthening26
2.9.3 Health Research and Development26
2.9.4 Intellectual Property27
2.10 Resolution on "Improving the Transparency of Markets for Medicines, Vaccines and other Health-Related Technologies"27
2.11 Access to Biotherapeutic Products Including Similar Biotherapeutic Products29
2.12 Conclusions30
References31
Chapter 3 Re-thinking Global and Local Manufacturing of Medical Products After COVID-1933
3.1 Introduction33
3.2 Background: The View of UN Agencies on Pharmaceutical Production in Developing Countries34
3.3 COVID-19 "Vaccine Nationalism"37
3.4 COVID-19 Global Vaccine Access Facility (COVAX Facility)42
3.5 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board44
3.6 A COVID-19 Technology Sharing Platform: A Recent UN Initiative46
3.7 Concluding Remarks46
References47
Chapter 4 Rethinking R&D for Pharmaceutical Products After the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 Shock53
4.1 Introduction53
4.2 Background of the Debate on the R&D Model54
4.3 Problems of the R&D Model for Pharmaceutical Products56
4.3.1 Lack of Transparency of R&D Costs56
4.3.2 Pharmaceutical Innovation Has Significantly Decreased57
4.3.3 High Prices Restrict Access57
4.3.4 Fragmentation and Lack of Coordination58
4.3.5 Waste and Overlap59
4.4 A Binding International Convention59
4.4.1 Objective and Scope60
4.4.2 Possible Main Components60
4.5 The Need to Act Fast61
4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations62
References.................
